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 The term "deontology" is derived from the Greek word deon, meaning "what is required; duty; obligatory." Emmanuel Kant emphasised this approach. He stressed duty as respect for the law. Keeping the law or universal rules is important for Kant. The question asked is, "What is right?" Example: "We ought always to tell the truth." In deontological ethics, an action cannot be right or wrong because of its good or bad consequences. It is a rule-oriented or a duty-oriented ethic. Kant, in his deontological ethics, points out that there are no exceptional rules but to follow the rules without any conditions. No one can argue beyond this deontological ethical argument. All the religious laws and state laws are to be obeyed. It is imperative that it be obeyed.

 The word "ethics" is derived from the Greek word "ethos," meaning "custom or behavior." Ethics is a system of moral values, virtues, and duties. Ethics is the study of what is wrong and what is right for human beings. The word "morality" comes from the Latin word "mos," which means the character or behaviour of life. Morality is concerned with personal moral behaviour, but ethics regards the foundational aspects as significant and deals with the structural elements as well. Ethics is the science of the systematic study of human conduct, individual as well as corporate. It is concerned with determining what conduct is right and good. It deals with concepts of right and wrong, good and bad, and what one ought to do or not do. For a Christian ethicist to come to a good moral judgement, he or she must be aware of the different disciplines and social sciences. Without having a clear knowledge of different disciplines, there can never be a s...

  The Greek word "Telos" means "end." Teleological ethics deals with the result. It is goal- or aim-oriented ethics. The rightness of an act is determined by its end. In other words, man should orient his actions in the present while keeping an eye on the end. It is also called a utilitarian approach. (The useful is the good.) "What is good?" is the question asked in teleology. In Aristotle’s view, there is a teleological dimension, which is happiness. In the common cultural understanding, good is pleasure, welfare, and prosperity. A better tomorrow is the aim. This approach is concerned with the highest good or final goals of life, toward which persons should aspire.

The word crusade is derived from the Latin word crux, meaning cross. The person who takes up the cross is called the crusader. They made the clothes for themselves with lots of cross symbols, the crosses of Christ. They used to paint the cross on their shields. The crusade was not a signal event but a series of cruel events. It was a religious war between Christians and Muslims. As we all know, Israel was the promised land for the Jews. It is said that Muslims came to visit Israel as pilgrims, but later they started to claim their own land, which was not bearable for the Christians. They started to protect their land from the attacks of Muslims that led the crusade. It started in 1096 and continued to 1212. There were three major religions: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim. All of them claimed that Jerusalem was their Holy Land  Muslims were allowed to enter Jerusalem as pilgrims. Many Christians were murdered by the Cru sade. There are eight crusades. First crusade(1095-1187) The sec...

The topic of chapter six is Christian faith and world religion. It is written by Lesslie Newbigin, who was a minister of the Presbyterian Church and a leading figure in the ecumenical movement of the twentieth century. In the chapter, the author has mentioned various points under the topics of Christian faith and world religion. The author says that Christianity is seen as only one religion among the many world religions. All of which are to be treated with respect because they are all concerned with God and the immortal soul. Religious belief is a matter of personal choice, and everyone is entitled to have a faith of his or her own. The proper way in which religious people should behave towards one another is to be described in terms of coexistence, cooperation, and dialogue, not in terms such as proselytism, conversion, or mission and evangelism. The author says Christians have been among the plurality of the world from the very beginning until now. There is no new thing about the pl...

The name of the article is "Missiology"—in a pluralistic world, the place of mission study in theological education. This article is written by Lalsangkima Pachuau. The author says the purpose of this article is twofold. First, he has critiqued a few major approaches and perspectives to show that any exclusivistic attempt from one point of view is problematic and that a healthy development of the discipline requires a holistic understanding of mission. He says that the multidimensionality of mission not only confuses theological academia but also hinders the discipline of mission study from finding its proper place. The modern missionary movement is the product of pietistic and evangelical movements of the seventh and eighteenth centuries among the protestants. The aim of the modern missionary movement is to save souls from eternal damnation. According to the dominant views of the movement, the souls of the people are damned to hell unless salvation is brought to the heathen....

Before entering into the topic of divorce, we have to know what marriage is. Marriage is given by God, or He started marriage from the very beginning of the world (Gen. 2:18–25). Marriage is a lifelong commitment between husband and wife. If we look in the Old Testament, those who marry shall leave their father and mother and hold fast to their wives, and they shall become one flesh (Gen. 2:24). As this is a commandment of God, He hates divorce (Mal. 2:14–16). According to the Old Testament, we can see that Moses allowed the Israelites to get divorced because of their hard hearts, but from the beginning it was not so (Matt. 19:8). But during the time of Jesus’ earthly ministry, some Pharisees raised the question of whether a man could divorce his wife for any reason (Matt. 19:3). But Jesus proves them wrong and replies that what God has joined together, let man not separate (Mat. 19:6). The Bible tells us that if anyone wants to give divorce, they should give a divorce certificate, but...

We can see these two issues, violence and bullying, in the Bible as well if we read it from its perspective. The Bible is full of violence and bullying. I want to mention here some examples of violence and bullying that make our point clear. For violence, Cain killed Abel (Gen. 4), and Moses killed one Egyptian (Exodus 2:14). David raped Bathsheba (2 Samuel 11). Ammon, son of King David, raped or violated his sister Tamar (2 Samuel 131:12). Murder and having sex, raped are the direct violence. Patriarchal violence like In the time of Jesus, children and women were considered inferior to men. Family violence like in the family of Elkanah, the father of Samuel, had family violence because Elkanah's first wife, Peninah, bent on provoking, teasing, and irritating her (1 Samuel:6). A man has his father’s wife (1 Corinthians 5:1). For bullying, we can read in 1 Samuel, chapter 17, the story of young David and Goliath. Goliath bent on bullying the king Saul and his people before coming to...

The society of the friend is known as several names such as friends' church, Quakers, a  religious society of the friends, children of the light, friends, friends of the truth, saints, the  seekers, friends of friends, and publishers of the truth. Traditionally, the Quakers were found by George Fox, a shoemaker.it  came officially into being on September 27. 1540. James Gilchrist Lawson writes, "perhaps no other small denomination of Christian has so influenced the world for good as have the Quakers or Friends." 2. History George Fox (1624–1691).  He was born in 1624 in England.6 He was the son of a weaver. He worked as a shoemaker. His wife’s name was Margaret Fell. He was carefully trained at home in the Puritan religion. He became a religious activist at the age of 19. In 1646, he started to preach freely and for the Over the next forty years, he spread his religious views by writing and itinerant preaching in England. He was imprisoned eight times ...

The epistles to the Colossians and Ephesians were written about the same time and sent through the same messenger, Tychicus. Both epistles are about the same theme: Christ and his Church. These two epistles speak of the church as untied to Christ. The letters of the Ephesians say the church is the body of Christ, and the letters of the Colossians say Christ is the head of the church. The Ephesian letter is more about ecclesiology, and the Colossian letter is about Christology. There are a total of 1570 words in Colossians, and of those, 34% are used in Ephesians. 73 verses in Colossians are repeated in Ephesians. As a result, there are a number of scholars who regard that Ephesians was written on Colossians. 29 words are repeated in both epistles. There are other places where seven words each are repeated almost exactly (Eph1:1-2=Col1:1-2; 3:2-=1:25; 3:9=1:26); and two places where five words are repeated (Eph1:7:Col1:14; 4:16=2:19).

  The prison epistles are Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. These four epistles are considered to have been written while Paul was in captivity; therefore, they are called the prison epistle or captivity epistle. Ephesians The epistle to the Ephesian church was written by Paul in the prisons of Rome. That’s why it is known as the prison epistle. Ephesus is the name of the city where Paul had visited twice. First, at the end of his second missionary journey (Acts 18:18–21), and second, in his third missionary journey (Acts 19:1–41). He spent there nearly three years. In this letter, Paul is not writing about any problem that is specific to the church of Ephesians, but he is writing to encourage them and make them aware of the position and role of the Christian. The apostle Paul talks about the unity, salvation, and armour of God. This epistle is known as the "queen of the epistles." Philippi Philippi is the name of the city, which was described as a Macedonian ...

  The city of Corinth is a commercial city. The Corinth city was located in southern Greece, about 50 miles from Athens and about two miles south of the narrow isthmus that forms a land bridge between the main landmasses of Greece and the Peloponnesus. Corinth was the capital city of Achaia. Corinth was situated between the Aegean and Adriatic seas. This city had three good harbours: Lechaeum, Cenchrea on the Corinth Gulf, and Schoenus on the Saronic Gulf. Paul visited Corinth three times and wrote four letters to the Corinthians. Other letters are mentioned in 1 Corinthians 5:9, 2 Corinthians 2:4, and 2 Corinthians 7:8; the agora was the city’s marketplace, and the bema was the judgement seat. Corinth boasted extensive commerce, like all the large towns on the Mediterranean Sea, and became celebrated for its wealth, magnificence, and learning. This city is known by several names, like "Sin City" and "Carnal Corinth." Corinth was a Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman city...

This book provides a condensed introduction to mass communications. This book is extremely useful for communication subjects and is also very easy to read. The first chapter of this book examines the culture as well as the social and economic roles that mass communication plays. Chapter two discusses the need for each of us to be media literate and provides the framework for thinking critically about the structure of the advertising industry, which is discussed in Chapter 3, and the role that advertising plays in each medium is examined in the chapters devoted to those media. Chapters four through eight look at traditional media such as television, radio, print media, and movies. These chapters examine the evolution of each communication medium and discuss its current state of each.Most traditional media are essentially advertising delivery vehicles. This should be obvious for broadcast and print media, and advertising plays a larger role in movies. The focus of chapters eight and ni...

The book of Haggai is one of the minor prophetic books in the Old Testament. It has only two chapters and a great message. It has 38 verses and 1,130 words. This is the second-shortest book in the Old Testament. First is Obadiah. In this paper, the author is attempting to bring out the message of the book chapter by chapter. This paper deals with a survey of the book as well as its relevance to the Nepali context. Author The author of this book is Haggai. The prophet’s name, Haggai, means the festival of Jehovah. He seems to have been the first prophet of restored Judaism. His discourses were delivered in the second year of Darius. The prophet Haggai sought to restore hope in the people and encourage them to rebuild the temple.  Date Haggai was a prophet who encouraged the returned exiles, along with Zechariah, to rebuild the temple (Ezra 6:14). He may have witnessed the destruction of Solomon’s temple, based on 2:3. The message of Haggai was given during a four-month period in 520...

Sermon: Philippians 2:12-18 Title: Characteristics of Christian Life Outline 1. Background 2. Qualities of Christian Life a. Obedience (Verses 12–13) b. Shine as the Light (verses 14–15) c. Hold firmly the word of life (Verse 16) d. Rejoice in every circumstance (Verses 17–18) Conclusion Background Before entering into the sermon, let us look at the content of Philippians.  Philippi is a city in Macedonia. Paul wrote this letter when he was imprisoned in 60 B.C.  Paul wrote this letter to the church at Philippi in order to give thanks and show the way to a right doctrine. The main reason behind Paul's writing this letter is to share the teaching that he has received. Philippians 2:12–18 talks mainly about how the Christian life should be lived. This letter is also called the "imprison letter." Title: Characteristics of Christian Life 1. Christian life The Christian life is a life that is to be connected with Christ, where we can find peace, joy, and eternal li...

Eschatology is the doctrine of the last things. The last three things refer to the second coming of Jesus Christ, the resurrection, and the judgement of humankind. The study of eschatology is the study of future events. The eschatology in Pauline thought is related to individuals and the cosmos. The apostle Paul also talks about the eschatology of his epistles, which is described by the author below. Definition of eschatology Eschatology is the branch of theology that is concerned with final things such as the future of the world, the parousia of Jesus Christ, the coming kingdom of God, the judgement of humankind, the resurrection from the dead, heaven and hell, the transformation of the cosmos, and so on. It is the doctrine of last things.The term "eschatology" is often used interchangeably with "apocalyptic." The study of eschatology is the study of the last thing. The Greek word eschaton, which means last, Different Trends in Pauline Eschatology Individual and co...

  "For I received from the Lord that which I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the same night in which he was betrayed took bread; and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, "Take and eat this My body which is broken for you; do this in remembrance of me" {1Cor11;23-25} Even in the midst of His sorrow, He did not stop preaching God. He took the bread and gave thanks. ' On the same night that He was betrayed. This is when he was surrounded by the disciples who would leave him. Our Savior Jesus never forgot to give thanks when his body was breaking the breaking of the bread is the breaking of his body. Breaking refers to adverse and painful experiences. The thanks he gave gave him strength to face the trials. He is looking for Christians who will thank him even before they break their bodies. Will you praise God in all things in your life? The lord expects the sacrifices of praise from you not the sacrifices of our lips whether we understand or not...

Abortion is the process of killing baby in the womb of mother before the birth. People use Medichin to do abortion and surgery as well.  When we discuss the biblical view of abortion, many Bible verses are anti-abortion. Exodus 20:13 states that you shall not kill (murder), and Psalms 139 states that God created humans in an amazing way and that he knows everything about them because he created them, and Jeremiah 1:5 states that God chose his work before I formed. Psalms 127 says children are a reward and blessing from God. Exodus 21: 22–25, Isaiah 49: 1, Proverbs 6: 16–19, Psalms 22: 10–11, and 106: 39 In the New Testament, Luke 1:41 explains that when babies are in their mother's womb, they have life and can move and play; life begins in the mother's womb. So God speaks specifically against killing innocent children and babies (Psalm 106) [3 ] . We can do this so that we can say that abortion is murder. When we get to Jesus' time, we see that he never ignores children; he...