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 The term "deontology" is derived from the Greek word deon, meaning "what is required; duty; obligatory." Emmanuel Kant emphasised this approach. He stressed duty as respect for the law. Keeping the law or universal rules is important for Kant. The question asked is, "What is right?" Example: "We ought always to tell the truth." In deontological ethics, an action cannot be right or wrong because of its good or bad consequences. It is a rule-oriented or a duty-oriented ethic. Kant, in his deontological ethics, points out that there are no exceptional rules but to follow the rules without any conditions. No one can argue beyond this deontological ethical argument. All the religious laws and state laws are to be obeyed. It is imperative that it be obeyed.

 The word "ethics" is derived from the Greek word "ethos," meaning "custom or behavior." Ethics is a system of moral values, virtues, and duties. Ethics is the study of what is wrong and what is right for human beings. The word "morality" comes from the Latin word "mos," which means the character or behaviour of life. Morality is concerned with personal moral behaviour, but ethics regards the foundational aspects as significant and deals with the structural elements as well. Ethics is the science of the systematic study of human conduct, individual as well as corporate. It is concerned with determining what conduct is right and good. It deals with concepts of right and wrong, good and bad, and what one ought to do or not do. For a Christian ethicist to come to a good moral judgement, he or she must be aware of the different disciplines and social sciences. Without having a clear knowledge of different disciplines, there can never be a s...

  The Greek word "Telos" means "end." Teleological ethics deals with the result. It is goal- or aim-oriented ethics. The rightness of an act is determined by its end. In other words, man should orient his actions in the present while keeping an eye on the end. It is also called a utilitarian approach. (The useful is the good.) "What is good?" is the question asked in teleology. In Aristotle’s view, there is a teleological dimension, which is happiness. In the common cultural understanding, good is pleasure, welfare, and prosperity. A better tomorrow is the aim. This approach is concerned with the highest good or final goals of life, toward which persons should aspire.

The word crusade is derived from the Latin word crux, meaning cross. The person who takes up the cross is called the crusader. They made the clothes for themselves with lots of cross symbols, the crosses of Christ. They used to paint the cross on their shields. The crusade was not a signal event but a series of cruel events. It was a religious war between Christians and Muslims. As we all know, Israel was the promised land for the Jews. It is said that Muslims came to visit Israel as pilgrims, but later they started to claim their own land, which was not bearable for the Christians. They started to protect their land from the attacks of Muslims that led the crusade. It started in 1096 and continued to 1212. There were three major religions: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim. All of them claimed that Jerusalem was their Holy Land  Muslims were allowed to enter Jerusalem as pilgrims. Many Christians were murdered by the Cru sade. There are eight crusades. First crusade(1095-1187) The sec...

The topic of chapter six is Christian faith and world religion. It is written by Lesslie Newbigin, who was a minister of the Presbyterian Church and a leading figure in the ecumenical movement of the twentieth century. In the chapter, the author has mentioned various points under the topics of Christian faith and world religion. The author says that Christianity is seen as only one religion among the many world religions. All of which are to be treated with respect because they are all concerned with God and the immortal soul. Religious belief is a matter of personal choice, and everyone is entitled to have a faith of his or her own. The proper way in which religious people should behave towards one another is to be described in terms of coexistence, cooperation, and dialogue, not in terms such as proselytism, conversion, or mission and evangelism. The author says Christians have been among the plurality of the world from the very beginning until now. There is no new thing about the pl...

The name of the article is "Missiology"—in a pluralistic world, the place of mission study in theological education. This article is written by Lalsangkima Pachuau. The author says the purpose of this article is twofold. First, he has critiqued a few major approaches and perspectives to show that any exclusivistic attempt from one point of view is problematic and that a healthy development of the discipline requires a holistic understanding of mission. He says that the multidimensionality of mission not only confuses theological academia but also hinders the discipline of mission study from finding its proper place. The modern missionary movement is the product of pietistic and evangelical movements of the seventh and eighteenth centuries among the protestants. The aim of the modern missionary movement is to save souls from eternal damnation. According to the dominant views of the movement, the souls of the people are damned to hell unless salvation is brought to the heathen....

Before entering into the topic of divorce, we have to know what marriage is. Marriage is given by God, or He started marriage from the very beginning of the world (Gen. 2:18–25). Marriage is a lifelong commitment between husband and wife. If we look in the Old Testament, those who marry shall leave their father and mother and hold fast to their wives, and they shall become one flesh (Gen. 2:24). As this is a commandment of God, He hates divorce (Mal. 2:14–16). According to the Old Testament, we can see that Moses allowed the Israelites to get divorced because of their hard hearts, but from the beginning it was not so (Matt. 19:8). But during the time of Jesus’ earthly ministry, some Pharisees raised the question of whether a man could divorce his wife for any reason (Matt. 19:3). But Jesus proves them wrong and replies that what God has joined together, let man not separate (Mat. 19:6). The Bible tells us that if anyone wants to give divorce, they should give a divorce certificate, but...